via email from Donald Bishop
This
is a compilation of news, articles, essays, and reports on strategic
communications, Public Diplomacy, public affairs, U.S. government international
broadcasting, and information operations. The editorial intent is to:
●
share with busy practitioners the academic and policy ferment in Public
Diplomacy and related fields
●
from long speeches, testimonies, and articles, flag the portions that bear on
Public Diplomacy
●
provide a window on armed forces thinking on the fields that neighbor Public
Diplomacy such as military public affairs, information operations,
inform-influence-engage, and cultural learning, and
●
introduce the long history of Public Diplomacy by citing some of the older
books, articles, reports, and documents that are not available on the internet.
Public
Diplomacy professionals always need a 360-degree view of how ideas are
expressed, flow, and gain influence. Many points of view citied here are
contentious, partisan, and/or biased; inclusion does not imply endorsement.
Edited by
Donald M. Bishop, Bren Chair of Strategic Communications, Marine Corps
University
Jeffery W. Taylor, University of Mary Washington, Assistant
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In the News
Instruments of Informational Power
5. D-I-M-E
Professional Topics
Countries and Regions
22. RUSSIA
Toolkit
In the News
● . . . what’s feeding this homegrown violence? . . . a major
contributor is the internet. From anywhere, all across the world, terrorist
organizations are sharing hateful propaganda with impressionable people. They
publish revolting how-to manuals . . . trade dehumanizing pictures with
grotesque captions—headless bodies, innocent people being thrown from
buildings, rape victims being stoned to death.
If you are a terrorist with an internet connection . . . you can recruit
new soldiers, plan attacks, and upload a video calling for jihad with just a
few clicks.
John Kelly, Secretary of
Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, April 18, 2017
●
Most important of all, however, is the message that was sent to Moscow. While
Vladimir Putin has been playing a poor hand deftly, using a combination of old
KGB active measures, propaganda, and surrogates in Europe and the Middle East,
Trump made it clear that some behavior is simply unacceptable.
Bart
Marcois, The Hill, April 13, 2017
2. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
● Advocating on behalf of U.S. interests
overseas means pushing the boundaries of professionalism in both a public,
formal capacity and in private, personal life. Questions about America and U.S.
foreign policy come from unexpected places, whether engaging with a market
vendor or making small talk at the dog park. But it is this exposure to
foreigners overseas that truly makes our nation's diplomatic corps an
integrative and efficient mechanism for positive influence.
The Foreign Service: A Unified Voice for America
Abroad
Frances Jeffrey-Coker, American Diplomacy, March-April, 2017
Frances Jeffrey-Coker, American Diplomacy, March-April, 2017
●
. . . President Donald Trump has decided to end financing for the Baltic
states. This screaming headline was published in March 2017 by the website rubaltic.ru . . . . In
three days, the article was republished by 37 different Russian-language
websites . . . . The problem is that the story is not true. Rubaltic.ru is
another cog in the Kremlin’s Baltic disinformation machine . . . . Quoting the
conservative Fox Business channel, the author of the article . . . alleged
that the new U.S. administration under Donald Trump would slash funding for
public diplomacy and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Therefore, “Washington has said the Baltic states and other parasites, who are
used to living off of U.S. State Department grants, won’t get a damn thing.”
StopFake,
April 19, 2017
● With its universalistic values, open
culture, and vast popular cultural resources ranging from Hollywood to
foundations and universities, the United States seemed uniquely placed to
affect how others viewed the world and us. Of course, it did not make us
attractive to everyone. * * * * * The
role of public diplomacy is not to try to convert the hard core, but to convey
a positive message to those who surround the hard core, and whose help we need
if we are to isolate and deal with the hard core.
USC Center for Public
Diplomacy, April 18, 2017
3. BROADCASTING
●
View360, a daily news magazine show for Pakistan produced by Voice of America’s
Urdu language service, debuts April 17, 2017. The Urdu language program will
provide its Pakistani audience objective and impartial news, as well as
analysis on national and international events. "This show will give
Pakistanis a chance to hear directly from the policymakers of the United States
and Pakistan,” ...
Voice
of America, April 14, 2017
●
Among the long-needed reforms are: streamlining the management, better handling
of human resources, fixing the duplication of language services, investments in
new technology, enhancement in overall professionalism, and fulfilment of the
broadcasters’ charter. * * * what kind of qualifications should the Trump
administration look for in a candidate for the top job? . . . 1. A CEO who has
demonstrated success in managing a large and complex bureaucracy. * * * 2.
Someone who is prepared to undertake major structural reforms * * * 3. Someone with a solid grasp of the mission of
U.S. international broadcasting and experience of the way the media works. * *
* 4. Someone who has the trust and backing of the president * * * someone with
nerves of steel.
Helle Dale, The Daily
Signal, April 19, 2017
● The analysis shows
that [for RT and Sputnik in France], their most active followers can be broken
down into four main categories . . . . supporters of nationalist and
isolationist parties, especially French presidential candidate Marine Le Pen’s Front
National; supporters of Russia and its international allies, notably Syria;
opponents of centrist candidate Emmanuel Macron; and automated “bots.”
Joel Harding, To Inform is to Influence,
April 14, 2017
4. INFORMATION
OPERATIONS
● U.S. Army and Department of
Defense (DoD) policy and doctrine must clarify a host of difficult issues
relating to social media usage, in particular its use in deception and
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS).
Ian Tunnicliffe and Steve Tatham,
Strategic Studies Institute,
5. D-I-M-E
● As the draft copy of the
Capstone Concept for Joint Operations notes, “The contexts of conflict
represent a complex mix of diplomatic, informational, economic, and social
problems... . The military can enable stable conditions in which to address
these problems, but whole of government efforts are better suited to solve
them.”
Keith D. Smith, Mark H.
Lauber, and Matthew B. Robbins, Joint Force Quarterly, April 01, 2017
● Joint Publication 3-68, Noncombatant
Evacuation Operations, is the current joint doctrine for NEO operations. The
main thrust of the publication is the tactical aspects of NEOs, but it also
includes discussion of interagency coordination, strategic communication,
military deception, defense support to public diplomacy, information-sharing,
geospatial intelligence, and use of psychological operations.
George K. Dixon, Joint Force Quarterly,
April 01, 2017
Professional Topics
● In the past, we thought of addiction as
mostly related to chemical substances: heroin, cocaine, nicotine. Today, we
have this phenomenon of behavioral addictions where, one tech industry leader
told me, people are spending nearly three hours a day tethered to their
cellphones. Where teenage boys sometimes spend weeks alone in their rooms
playing video games.
Claudia Dreifus, The New York Times, March
6, 2017
● Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and the rest
do present a cool way for “gathering information, analyzing information,
documenting evidence, and/or presenting conclusions.” But to deconstruct our
mental ruts and attain better conclusions we will have to be “tapping [into]
unusual sources of data, asking new questions, applying unusual analytic
methods, and developing new types of products or new ways of fitting analysis.”
Toamatau, Myth Composer, April 7, 2017
● LEARN. Use social
media yourself. Study relevant case studies. Educate senior
executives. Hear from practitioners. Explore the latest trends. . .
. LISTEN. * * * ENGAGE IN CONVERSATION *
* * MEASURE AND REFINE * * * PRIORITIZE OBJECTIVES * * * ESTABLISH GOVERNANCE * * * DEFINE ACTIVITIES * * * DEVELOP CAPABILITIES
Ross Dawson, rossdawson.com, accessed
April 19, 2017
7. CYBER
● As the Trump administration confronts the nuclear ambitions of
North Korea’s Kim Jong Un and the toxic fallout from Bashar al-Assad’s chemical
warfare against Syrian civilians, it is worth remembering that both dictators
also command cyber-units. On the face of it, their impact is significantly less
lethal, and they can easily be underestimated.
Ted
Koppel, The Washington Post, April 15, 2017
● Diplomacy has a significant role in
cyberspace alongside the intelligence agencies, ministries and law enforcement
structures, highlighted Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Teodor Meleșcanu
during a briefing on cyber security issues at the Tallinn-based NATO
Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence.
NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of
Excellence, April 11, 2017
● While there is scant evidence that the
spammer’s arrest had anything to do with the election, the success of that
narrative is a sterling example of how the Kremlin’s propaganda machine is
adept at manufacturing fake news, undermining public trust in the media, and
distracting attention away from the real story.
Brian Krebs, KrebsonSecurity, April 11,
2017
● Several EU and NATO nations, including
the US and the UK, have signed up to establish a center in Helsinki, Finland to
counter cyberattacks and other emerging threats, such as the spreading of
disinformation and propaganda.
Zack Whittacker, ZD Net, April 11, 2017
9. SOFT POWER
● This makes the fate of failed, fragile
and lawless states directly and unavoidably relevant to the conduct of the war
against terrorism and the defense against other threats. American interests
must be defined broadly enough to include things such as the effective delivery
of social services in Afghanistan, the surveillance for pandemic disease in
rural Tanzania, the construction of classrooms in refugee-stressed Jordan . . .
. It is an absurd misnomer to call the exercise of power in these areas “soft.”
The matter is simple: Will the United States merely respond to security
threats? Or will it also try to shape the security environments in which
threats emerge?
Michael Gerson, The Washington Post, April
17, 2017
10. WAR OF IDEAS
● Some outside observers have assessed
that the U.S. is losing the so-called war of ideas. Initially spurred on in
light of the propaganda campaigns orchestrated by the Islamic State group, this
can now be applied generally to the information operations and active measures
that Russia allegedly applied in the 2016 presidential election.
Mark Pomerleau, C4ISRnet, April 7, 2017
11. GRAY ZONE
● Russia’s actions in Ukraine represent
what is often referred to as “gray-zone” warfare, or the aggressive application
of asymmetric and conventional techniques (including diplomatic, informational,
military, economic, and other political forces) designed to achieve political
goals while maintaining hostilities below the threshold of conventional war.
Bradley DeWees, Terry C. Pierce, Ervin J.
Rokke, and Anthony Tingle, Joint Force Quarterly, April 01, 2017
● To harness the
information age and enable IW capability toward the success of future U.S.
conflicts, a new organization should be created within the U.S. Government. The
Cold War has passed, and so has USIA; however, it is possible that a new
version of USIA is required as Russia continues to test its limits of power. As
in the case of Ukraine, Georgia, and Estonia, as well as the need to combat
terrorist groups such as ISIL, a renewed effort on U.S. information warfare is
required.
William R. Gery, SeYoung Lee, and Jacob
Ninas, Joint Force Quarterly, April 01, 2017
13. MEME WARFARE
● As political
discourse in the US has become more polarized and contentious, so too has its
symbology. Pepe the Frog and Expendables posters have given way to images of
actual violence that political extremists spread and celebrate …. Much of it
resembles military propaganda. The meme warriors, it seems, have become a
militia.
Emma
Grey Ellis, Wired, April 20, 2017
● The answer, some
experts argue, lies in memes . . . . A small contingent of academics and
experts want NATO to get in on the action to confront pro-Russian, anti-NATO
trolls, or to push back against internet jihadists in the cyber space.
Robbie Gramer, Foreign Policy, April 13,
2017
● The issue of credibility and voice is
not new ... . Yet, in both theory and practice, it remains a thorny issue,
lacking in nuance. So, how do we begin to identify and empower with
authenticity grassroots groups and individuals?
Enabling local people to express their knowledge through participatory
approaches is key to empowering credible voices.
Lucy Froggatt, DefenceIQ, April 10, 2017
15. RADICALIZATION
● As we progress in
getting the most marginalized girls into school across the globe, we are
alarmed that some of the most vulnerable girls in conflict-ridden areas are
becoming precariously tied to extremism.
Amanda Braga and Christina Kwauk,
Brookings, April 13, 2017
● Catalonian
authorities detected a network of the Islamic State focusing on the recruitment
of women to their cause. According to the report, the terrorist group uses the
dark net and social media platforms to find women for their cause.
Benjamin
Vitaris, Deep.Dot.Web, April 11, 2017
●
First, coalition partners can prevent radicalization and recruitment through
Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) programs, which leverage community
engagement and resilience and provide countermessaging and counseling to
prevent potentially radical views from being acted upon.
Ryan B. Greer and Amir Bagherpour, Foreign
Affairs, April 10, 2017
● "Fake news" is all the rage
today, but fake history may be even worse . . .
Noemie Emery, Washington Examiner, April
18, 2017
● Meanwhile, Protestants challenge the
party’s teachings openly and operate as the country’s only real civil-society
groups. The Early Rain church rewrites official Chinese history to restore the
contributions made by foreign and local missionaries.
Hugo Restall, The Wall Street Journal,
April 11, 2017
●
Many in Russia still struggle to accept the reality of Ukrainian independence,
seeing the country as a core component of a greater “Russian world” . . . centered
on Moscow. Kyiv was the center of the Kyivan Rus civilization . . . while the
Russian Orthodox Church traces its origins to Kyiv and the tenth century
conversion of the Eastern Slavs to Christianity. This makes many in Russia
prone to blaming any manifestations of Ukrainian national identity on a radical
nationalist minority.
Peter Dickinson, Atlantic Council, April
10, 2017
● "Once upon a time, people yearned
to be free of the misery of capitalism. How could their dreams come true?"
a plot synopsis for the book reads. "This little book proposes a different
kind of communism, one that is true to its ideals and free from
authoritarianism."
Elizbeth Harrington, The Washington Free
Beacon, April 10, 2017
● [Daniel] Polisar convincingly
establishes that Palestinians collectively hold three related views of Israel:
it has no historical or moral claim to exist, it is inherently rapacious and
expansionist, and it is doomed to extinction. In combination, these attitudes
explain and justify the widespread Palestinian demand for a state from
"the river to the sea," the grand Palestine of their maps that erases
Israel.
Daniel Pipes, Middle East Forum, April 10,
2017
● ... the international security
environment has shifted to ...a situation characterized in part by renewed
competition among ...the United States, China, and Russia. Other emerging
characteristics ... include ... renewed ideological competition . . . . the promotion in China and Russia
through their state-controlled media of nationalistic historical narratives
emphasizing assertions of prior humiliation or victimization by Western powers,
and the use of those narratives to support revanchist or irredentist foreign
policy aims.
Ronald
O’Rourke, Congressional Research Service, March 23, 2017
● When President
John F. Kennedy “called upon us to do something for our country, I took it to
heart.” He moved to Washington, D.C., to work for the U.S. Information Agency,
which supported U.S. foreign policy abroad and was then under the direction of
the great broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow. There Mr. McCullough ran a magazine published
for the Arab world ...
Alexandra Wolfe, The Wall Street Journal,
April 14, 2017
● Another president, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, revised the media rules in equally profound ways. Like Trump, he
feuded with the mainstream media; like Trump, he used a new medium as a direct
pipeline to the people. He also used the government's machinery to suppress
unfavorable coverage
David Beito, reason.com, April 5, 2017
●
... because colonial rule was so psychologically demeaning to Africans ... that
post-independence African governments were so determined to expunge many of the
colonial institutions. Since rule of law, accountable government, property
rights and free trade were European imports, they had to go. Instead, many
African leaders chose to emulate the political arrangements and economic
policies of a rising power that represented the exact opposite of Western free
market and liberal democracy – the Soviet Union.
Marian L. Tupy, Human Progress, April 12,
2017
●
The [British] 1st Army Field Propaganda Company went into action with the
Eighth Army in the Western Desert in June 1942. The Company consisted of four
officers and 27 other ranks and had both a mobile radio broadcasting section
and mobile printing section.
Lee
Richards, psywar.org, March 5, 2017
19. MEDIA SAVVY, EDUCATION, JUDGMENT
● Facebook has turned to an unexpected
tool to expand its ongoing fight against fake news online: the print
newspaper. The social network ran
full-page ads in France and Germany that outline the ways that readers can
evaluate news stories and identify false reports.
Hayley Tsukayama, The Washington Post,
April 14, 2017
● Here are three common mistakes of losing
candidates: 1. Failure to develop in advance a comprehensive
campaign plan, including a timetable and a realistic budget. 2.
Spending too much of the campaign funds on paid media and polling and
not enough on building a grassroots organization of large numbers of people in
campaign activities. 3. Failure to respond properly to continuing negative
information, whether from an opponent, the news media or both. Ignoring a
continuing negative issue won't make it go away.
Leadership Institute, accessed April 19,
2017
●
Political ideologies built on the idea that man can create a perfectly just
society by means of collective coercion are therefore doomed to failure.
"There are definite limits of moral goodwill and social
intelligence," he writes, "beyond which even the most vital religion
and the most astute educational programme will not carry a social group,
whatever may be possible for individuals in an intimate society."
Barton Swaim, The Washington Free Beacon,
April 16, 2017
●
It is quite clear that American citizens have a profound interest in supporting
Ukraine as a fellow democracy that has been invaded…. And while is also quite
clear that Americans as taxpayers have an interest in supporting Ukraine…focusing
on or more precisely reducing Americans and their interests from citizens to
taxpayers reflects a dangerous habit of mind.
Paul
Goble, Window on Eurasia—New Series, April 15, 2017
●
... my point isn’t that journalists, commentators and media bosses choose to be
liberal or conservative for nefarious reasons and should be called to task.
Rather, it is that the business model for daily news drives its content to the
left and the business model for talk radio tends to drive its content to the
right. If we are to make serious progress in bridging our political divide, we
have to deal with these business models.
Mark
Jamison, American Enterprise Institute, April 12, 2017
● But if we want free speech and also
redress when publishers spread information they know to be false or without any
care as to its veracity, the answer is to apply the incentives for good
behavior that already exist in statutory law. The problem is current judicial
interpretations of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996.
James Freeman, The Wall Street Journal,
April 12, 2017
● In hindsight, much of the coverage of
Donald Trump’s candidacy could have run under the same headline: “Unexpected
bull poised to enter china shop.” But commentators spent virtually all of their
energy expounding on the first half of that metaphor. * * * What was unusual is
how matter-of-factly the analysts cast America’s institutions as a china shop.
Andy Smarick, American Enterprise
Institute, April 10, 2017
● Policy research institutes first
appeared just 70 years ago — there were essentially none before the late 1940s.
Most proceed from a settled philosophical disposition; some are forthrightly
attached to a political movement or creed. All aim to move the world: they
address themselves not only to other academics but also to government officials
and the general public; they pay careful attention to the crafts of writing,
speaking, and marketing;
Christopher DeMuth, Real Clear Policy,
April 10, 2017
● U.S. power and influence cannot survive
a two-front assault on intellectual development by cutting both support for
education and programs designed to harness talent from abroad. The United
States must invest in education with an emphasis on subjects that most benefit
the country’s global interests, or Americans must welcome foreign intellectual
talent that its national security establishment requires. U.S. standing around
the world would be best served by doing both.
Anthony Eames, War on the Rocks, April 7,
2017
●
Russia modernized its cold war disinformation campaign apparatus with social
media platforms to achieve unprecedented scale for its campaigns of influence.
The Kremlin exploits the best attributes of the internet – that anyone can be a
publisher and can potentially reach everyone – to create divisions for Russia’s
political goals. Social media – once promised as a force to democratize the
world through the free and unfettered flow of information – is now distributing
extreme content that could pose a significant threat to democracies everywhere.
Anup
Ghosh, The Christian Science Monitor, March 29, 2017
● Toxic people ...
engage in maladaptive behaviors in relationships that ultimately exploit,
demean and hurt ... Here are the 20 diversionary tactics toxic people use to
silence and degrade you . . . . Gaslighting. . . . Projection ... Nonsensical
conversations from hell...Blanket statements and generalizations ...
Deliberately misrepresenting your thoughts and feelings to the point of
absurdity... Nitpicking and moving the goal posts ....7. Changing the subject
to evade accountability . . . . Covert and overt threats . . . . Name-calling .
. . . Destructive conditioning . . . . Smear campaigns and stalking . . . . Preemptive
defense... Triangulation . . . . Bait and feign innocence . . . . Boundary
testing and hoovering . . . .Aggressive jabs disguised as jokes . . . .
Condescending sarcasm and patronizing tone . . . . Shaming ... Control.
Shahida Arabi, Thought Catalog, June 30,
2016
21. IDEAS OF AMERICA
● As George Orwell wrote, patriotism stems
from “devotion to a particular place and to a particular way of life.”
Nationalism, by contrast, “is inseparable from the desire for power.” It’s worth noting that even patriotism makes
some uncomfortable. They often see it in the same light as the word
“chauvinism,” which is defined as “excessive or prejudiced loyalty or support
for one’s own cause, group or gender.” It’s a mistake, however, to view
patriotism as nothing but chauvinism in bright colors.
E.J. Dionne, Jr., The Washington Post,
April 16, 2017
Countries and Regions
22. RUSSIA
● Yes, Russian trolls did target the U.S. elections. * * *
Trolling is tough (but the money makes it all worthwhile) …. Russia's
politicians are expert trolls. . . * * *
Trolling isn't as effective as you want to believe. * * * The trolling industry
is changing. * * *
Katie Davies, The Moscow Times, April 18, 2017
● As a professor of Soviet history with an
interest in media studies, I’ve been following Russia’s response to the
chemical attack and subsequent U.S. missile strike—the various television and
print news stories, tweets and analyses put forth by Russia’s domestic and
international media outlets. Together,
they’re reflective a larger Russian information strategy: Stress a unified
message at home but sow discord abroad
Cynthia
Hooper, Newsweek, April 15, 2017
● The Euromonitor group, using UN and national data sets, reports
that the number of people using Russian in the post-Soviet states has declined
by ten percent or more since 1994, a decline that reflects the re-orientation
of these nations away from Moscow and puts paid to Vladimir Putin’s efforts to
base his “Russian world” on the Russian language.
Paul
Goble, Window on Eurasia—New Series, April 14, 2017
● If you want to sleep soundly
at night, do not talk to Molly McKew about Russia. The information warfare
expert . . . spends her time thinking about the sinister ways that the Kremlin
tries to undermine Western democracy. . . . Below are some key takeaways ...Openness
is Weakness: * * * We are Not Ready * * * We Have No Idea What Goes on Out
There * * * The Russians Play Dirty * * * Do Not Believe Everything You Hear
Philip
Balson, The Huffington Post, April 14, 2017
●
Realizing that we are at war, and understanding how we can fight back, is now
urgent business. The story of MH17, and Russia’s exposure, offers a grim but
useful case study.
John
Pollock, MIT Technology Review, April 13, 2017
●
The White House said Russia is involved in a “sophisticated disinformation campaign”
to help cover up Syrian regime culpability for the deadly chemical attack last
week that left at least 80 people dead.
Kaitlan
Collins, The Daily Caller, April 12, 2017
● …the Russian government, which is allied
with Assad, has been publicly and privately offering alternative theories on
the attack that killed dozens of people, including children. White House
officials say the information from intelligence sources does not support any of
what it called "disinformation" from the Russians.
Michael
Warren, The Weekly Standard, April 11, 2017
● There was a time when the Russians — or
at least their rulers — were masterful liars. The lie would be well organised,
backed up with apparently creditable research and internally consistent.
Nowadays Moscow puts out any old rubbish, multiple alternatives to the truth
and none showing much professional pride in the traditional trade of
disinformation.
Dominic
Lawson, The Sunday Times, April 9, 2017
23. CHINA
● On the dusty plains of the Chinese heartland, a bitter fight
over a mosque exemplifies how a surge in anti-Muslim sentiment online is
spreading into communities across China, exacerbating simmering ethnic and
religious tensions that have in the past erupted in bloodshed. It's also posing
a dilemma for the ruling Communist Party . . . .
Gerry Shih, Associated Press, April 10, 2017
24. SYRIA
● ... U.S. policymakers must
convey this nation’s resolve to the rest of the world. The audience is not just
Assad and his pals in Moscow and Tehran, but also people across the globe who
have been horrified by the ongoing tragedy of Syria. This is an opportunity for
the United States to define its role in a world in which violence, especially
within states, proliferates.
Philip Seib, USC Center on
Public Diplomacy, April 7, 2017
25. ISLAMIC STATE
● In this article, we will be
exploring the digital tools and social tactics that Islamic radicals employ to
entice, recruit, and organise western individuals to take up their cause.
Topics that will be covered include the use of the dark web, digital
literature, how social media apps are utilised leading to the creation of a
'Virtual Caliphate'.
Philip Green, Defence IQ,
April 10, 2017
● ISIS has taken the radical
step of positing that Christians are to Egypt what the Shia are to Iraq,
embracing the position that they can be killed indiscriminately and for no
reason other than for what they believe. Since the December 2016 Cairo church
bombing, the group’s supporters online have been forcefully pushing this notion…
Mokhtar Awad, The Atlantic,
April 9, 2017
● On a strategic level, ISIS
is winning the war on social media with effective branding, information
distribution, and agenda-setting.
Audrey Alexander, Foreign
Affairs, April 7, 2017
No comments:
Post a Comment